
Class _ 
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COPYRIGHT DEPOSai 



Geogra 




OF 



Virginia. 



By JULIA R. HENNING. 



PUBLISHED BY 



B. F. Johnson Publishing Co., 



RICfiriOND, VIRGINIA. 



...For sale by all Booksellers and School Supply 
Houses. A new and valuable work for our 
schools, both public and private. Indispen- 
sable to Virginia teachers who would keep 
fully abreast of the times. 



Price, 25 Cents. 



The Geography of Virginia. 

By JULIA R. HENN1NG, 

Was originally written for the use of children just entering 
the grammar grade of the public schools. 

Other monks . • 



Other works upon this subject had been found to be so 
entirely beyond the comprehension of pupils of thisage that 
a more simplified form of instruction was considered neces- 
sary to meet the needs of the schools. 

An Entire Sueeess . . 



The entire success that has attended this work in its first 
edition proves that it has met the requirements of the case, 
and recommends it for use in the future. 

Thotroaghly Tested . . 

The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 
Superintendent, Principals and Teachers of the Richmond 
schools, and others, have been unanimous in their expressions 
of approval and satisfaction regarding the usefulness and 
the success of this book, which has been thoroughly tested by 
its use in both private and public schools of Richmond during 
the past year. 

Its Contents . . 



The contents of the Geography are, in every sense, the 
outgrowth of actual work in the school-room. The arrange- 
ment is systematic and logical ; the presentation clear, sim- 
ple, concise and forcible ; the style pleasing and attractive. 

The tUritef . . 



The writer, drawing from large experience, has grouped 
geographical and historical facts in the manner best suited to 
the capacities and needs of children, and has, at the same 
time, presented the subject in such form as to greatly lighten 
the work of the teacher. 

[2] 



. . . GEOGRAPHY 



.OF_ 



. . . VIRGINIA. 



BY 

JULIA R. HENNINt 



SECOND EDITION. 



RICHMOND, VA.: 

B. F. Johnson Publishing Company. 

1894. 



N- 



,V\*i 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by 

JULIA E. HENNING, 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



PREFACE. 



Virginia geography is a theme which naturally engages to some extent the attention of 
every progressive native of the "Old Dominion." In order to simplify the study of it, I have 
prepared this book (now iu its second edition), and send it forth, with the hope that it will ac. 
complish the purpose for which it was written. 

Having had much experience in teaching the geography of the State, and appreciating the 
difficulties that arise for children in most works upon the subject, I have endeavored to make 
the contents of this book conform as closely as possible to the needs and capacities of young 
minds. But, though written primarily for children, it will not, perhaps, be altogether unaccept- 
able to those of more mature intellect. 

For the chapter on Easy Geology, I have carefully consulted Rogers' Geology of Virginia, 
Hotchkiss's Manual of Virginia, and other works, in connection with Col. Thomas Whitehead's 
Hand- Book of the State (1893). 

For the map-drawing, which is an important feature of the work, I am indebted to the 
kindness of Prof. R. W. Flournoy, and, through him, to Maj. S. T. Pendleton, both connected 
with the public schools of Richmond. This system of drawing has been used with entire suc- 
cess in the schools of this city ; and, if the directions be carefully followed, there will be no dif- 
ficulty in producing a correct map of the State. 

The Appendix is intended merely for general reference, and does not form a part of the 
regular study -matter. 

It has given me pleasure to complete this work. The superintendent, the principals and 
the teachers of the Richmond schools have been so uniformly encouraging and responsive, the 
children so appreciative, that I have been amply repaid for the efforts put forth to make the 
book just what we wish it to be. 

To the boys and girls, especially, I commend the little volume, with the hope that it will 
enable them to pursue with more ease and pleasure than formerly the study of Virginia. 

JULIA R. HENNING. 





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GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



MAP QUESTIONS. 



1. Trace the outline of Virginia on the map, and tell 
what object it resembles in shape. 

2. Bound Virginia. 

3. What river separates Virginia from Maryland? 

4. What four mountain ranges lie on the boundary? 
In what general direction do the mountains of Vir- 
ginia extend? 

5. Into how many counties is the State divided? (100.) 

6. Name the largest. (Rockingham.) What is its 
principal town? (Harrisonburg.) Find Harrisonburg. 
What mineral spring near it? 

7. Name the smallest county. (Alexandria.) What 
important city is situated in this county? (Alexan- 
dria.) Find it on the map. 

8. What two counties lie east of Chesapeake Bay? 

9. What name is often given to this part of the State? 
(The "Eastern Shore.") 

10. Name the most northerly county. What is its 
chief town? (Winchester.) Find Winchester. 

11. What is the most easterly county? The most 
westerly? 

12. Which border Chesapeake Bay on the west? 

13. Which lie on the Potomac? 

14. Which touch North Carolina? West Virginia? 
Tennessee? Kentucky? 

15. Point out the county in which you live, and 
bound it. 

16. Name its chief city or town. Its farm products. 

17. What streams drain it? 

18. What ranges of mountains cross Virginia? 

19. Name the mineral springs of Bath county. Of 
Rockingham county. 

20. Into what does the Appomattox river empty? 
What rivers form the York? 

21. The Dan and the Staunton rivers unite in the 
southern part of the State, and form the Roanoke river. 
In what county do they unite? 

22. The Blackwater and the Meherrin rivers unite, in 
North Carolina, to form the Chowan river. The Chowan 



flows through North Carolina, and empties into Albe- 
marle Sound. 

23. What rivers of Virginia empty into Chesapeake 
Bay? In what general direction do they flow? 

24. Describe the James, the most important river of 
Virginia. 

25. What city on the James river, opposite Rich- 
mond? 

26. Describe the Shenandoah river. 

27. What branches of the Tennessee river rise in the 
southwestern part of the State? [H., C. and P.] 

28. Where is Lake Drummond? 

29. That body of water between the mouth of the 
James river and Chesapeake bay is Hampton Roads, 
one of the finest harbors in the world. Find it. 

30. What United States fortress is in Elizabeth City 
county? Find it. 

31. What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake 
Bay? 

32. What health resort on the coast of Princess Anne 
county? 

33. Name and locate the capital of the State. 

34. Name two seaport cities, and tell where they are. 

35. What town is situated at the head of York river? 

36. Mt. Vernon, the residence and burial-place of 
Washington, is in Fairfax county, on the Potomac 
river. Locate Fairfax county. 

37. George Washington and James Monroe (two Presi- 
dents of the United States) and Robert E. Lee were 
born in Westmoreland county. Locate Westmoreland. 

38. Red Hill, in Charlotte county, was the last home 
and burial-place of Patrick Henry. Find Charlotte 
county. Try to find out something about Patrick 
Henry. 

39. Montpelier, once the home of James Madison 
(President of the United States), is near Orange Court 
House, in Orange county. Locate Orange county. 

40. Monticello, the residence of Thomas Jefferson 
(third President of the United States), is in Albemarle 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



county, near the city of Charlottesville. Find Char- 
lottesville. 

41. Where is Charlottesville, the seat of the Univer- 
sity of Virginia? 

42. Locate Farmville ; Roanoke ; Lynchburg ; Pe- 
tersburg ; Newport News ; Fredericksburg ; Gordons- 
ville ; Lexington ; Staunton ; Manchester ; Danville ; 
Alexandria. 



43. Name the principal railroads of Virginia. 

44. Over what lines and through what towns would 
you pass in going from Richmond to Washington? 
From Richmond to Staunton? From Norfolk to Wash- 
ington? 

45. On what waters would you sail in going from 
Richmond to Baltimore? From Richmond to Wash- 
ington? From Norfolk to Washington? 



VIRGINIA. 



Latitude, 36°31' to 39°27' north. 
Longitude, 75°13' to 83°37' west. 



Area. — 12,450 square miles. 
Population (1890).— 1,655,980. 



SITUATION— SIZE. 



Virginia lies on the eastern coast of the United 
States, midway between Maine and Florida, 
and is the most southern of the Middle Atlan- 
tic group of States. If a line were drawn 
through Virginia, and extended around the 
earth from east to west, it would pass through 
China, Asiatic Turkey, Greece and the southern 
part of Spain — showing that these countries 
are in the same latitude as Virginia; that is, 
they are the same distance from the equator. 
Virginia is surrounded on all sides, except the 
extreme east, by the States of North Carolina, 
Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia and Mary- 
land. 

The Atlantic Ocean washes the eastern coast 
for a distance of 120 miles. 

The southern boundary-line, separating Vir- 
ginia from North Carolina and Tennessee, is 
440 miles long. The greatest length of the State, 
from Accomac county (on the Atlantic) to Lee 
county (in the southwest corner), is 1^75 miles. 
Its greatest width from north to south is 192 



miles. The boundary line of the entire State 
is 1,4.00 miles long. 

The territory of Virginia measures about 42,- 
450 square miles — 2,325 square miles being 
water. A square mile is equal to a square 
which is a mile long and a mile wide. It would 
take 42,450 squares of this size to cover the 
whole surface of Virginia. 

The State contains twenty-five and one-half 
million acres of land, about one-third of which 
is cultivated. 

Virginia ranks twenty-ninth among the States 
of the Union in size; in population, fifteenth. 

Questions. — Where does Virginia lie ? To what 
group of states does it belong ? What countries are 
in the same latitude as Virginia ? What states sur- 
round it? (Point out these on the map.) How long 
is the Atlantic coast line ? What is Virginia's greatest 
length? Its greatest width? What is the length of 
the entire boundary line ? How many square miles of 
surface has Virginia ? How much is water ? What is 
a square mile ? How many acres of land in the State ? 
How much is cultivated? How does Virginia rank 
among the states in size ? In population ? 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



SURFACE AND NATURAL DIVISIONS. 



The surface of Virginia shows six natural 
divisions that cross the State from northeast to 
southwest, and differ in surface, climate, soil and 
productions. The land along the coast is a low 
plain, level with the ocean ; but as we go west- 
ward it rises gradually, like a stairway, ending 
in ranges of high mountains in the western 
part of the State. 



These divisions, named in regular order from 
east to west, are Tidewater Virginia, Middle 
Virginia, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Great Valley 
and Appalachia.* 

Questions. — Into how many sections (divisions) is 
Virginia divided ? In what direction do they extend ? 
How do they differ ? Describe the surface of Virginia 
as we go from east to west. Name the six divisions in 
regular order. 



MOUNTAINS AND NATURAL WONDERS. 



The Mountain Ranges of Virginia belong to 
the Appalachian System. They are the Blue 
Ridge, the great North or Shenandoah moun- 
tains, the Alleghanies and the Cumberland 
mountains. The highest peaks are Balsam 
mountain (Grayson county), White Top (Gray- 
son county), Elliott's Knob (Augusta county), 
Peaks of Otter (Bedford county). The moun- 
tain scenery of Virginia is grand and beautiful 
beyond description. The greatest natural won- 
der in the State is the Natural Bridge, over 
Cedar creek, in Rockbridge county. The 
"bridge" is a huge mass of rock, spanning the 
bed of the creek at a height of 215 feet. A 
wagOD-road leads over the top, which is so wide 
that one might cross it without noticing any 
difference between it and the surrounding coun- 
try. Within a short distance of the bridge 
is the Isabella Stairway, a natural underground 
flight of stone steps. The staircase begins in 
a beautiful cavern, and winds upward under 
numerous arches for a distance of 400 or 500 



feet, opening at last to the sky. This is, per- 
haps, the only natural underground stone stair- 
way ever discovered. 

The Natural Tunnel, in Scott county, is some- 
what like the Natural Bridge — being longer, 
though not so high. It is traversed by a branch 
of the Clinch river. A railroad now runs 
through the tunnel. 

Crab-Tree Falls, in Nelson county, is the prin- 
cipal cataract of the Virginia mountains. The 
Crab-Tree is a mountain creek that rises at the 
summit (top) of one of the highest peaks of 
Virginia. It descends in cascades, the highest 
of which is over 500 feet. 

Other places of interest are Luray Cave, in 
Page county, and Weyer's Cave and the "Chim- 
neys," both in Augusta county. The "Chim- 
neys" are rocky columns, seventy to eighty feet 
high. 

Questions. — To what system do the mountain ranges 
of Virginia belong ? Name the ranges. Name the 
highest peaks in the State. What can you say of Vir- 
ginia's mountain scenery? What is the greatest natural 



•By law, the State Is agriculturally divided into three sections— Tidewater. Middle Virginia and the Great Valley. 



8 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



wonder in the State? Where is it? Describe it. Describe 
the Isabella Stairway. How long is it ? Describe the 
Natural Tunnel, in Scott county. What is the principal 



cataract (waterfall) in Virginia ? Name other interest- 
ing places in Virginia. What are the " Chimneys," and 
where are they ? 



RIVERS. 



Few countries are as well watered as the 
State of Virginia. Its rivers belong to two 
great systems. Those that flow down the east- 
ern slope of the mountains and find their way 
to the Atlantic Ocean belong to the Atlantic 
System. 

The rivers that flow westward and empty 
into the Ohio belong to the Ohio System. 

The principal Atlantic rivers are the Poto- 
mac, Shenandoah, Rappahannock, York, James, 
Chowan and Roanoke. The last two extend 
their course into North Carolina, and reach the 
ocean by way of Albemarle Sound. The waters 
of the Shenandoah reach the Atlantic through 
the Potomac river and Chesapeake bay. 

The Roanoke river, in the beginning of its 
course, bears the name Roanoke. Farther east, 
it is called the Staunton ; but, on uniting with 
the Dan river, it takes again its old name, 
Roanoke, and flows through North Carolina to 
Albemarle Sound. The James river, crossing 
the State from west to east, divides the State 
into two parts. Northside Virgiyiia is the name 
given to the land north of the river, while that 
on the south is called Southside Virginia. 

The peninsula between the Potomac and the 



Rappahannock rivers forms what is known as 
the Northern Neck of Virginia. It includes the 
counties of Northumberland, Lancaster, Rich- 
mond, Westmoreland and King George. In 
this section of country the richest and best 
colony from England settled, embracing, among 
others, the families of the Washingtons, the 
Lees, the Masons, the Monroes, &c, and 
furnishing three Presidents of the United 
States. 

The branches of the Ohio river that are in 
Virginia are the New, Big Sandy and Tennes- 
see. The Virginia branches of the Tennessee 
are the Holston, the Clinch and Powell's rivers. 
These rivers, with hundreds of smaller streams, 
drain and water the land, afford the best water- 
power for manufacturing, and furnish excellent 
means of transportation (carrying things from 
place to place). 

Questions. — To what two systems do the rivers of 
Virginia belong ? What rivers belong to the Atlantic 
System? To the Ohio? Name the Atlantic rivers. 
What are the different names of the Roanoke ? How 
is the State divided by the James? What is the North- 
ern Neck of Virginia? What counties are included in 
it? Name the rivers of the Ohio System that are in 
Virginia. What branches of the Tennessee are in the 
State? Give four uses of the Virginia rivers. 



CLIMATE. 



The climate of Virginia is everywhere mild 
and healthful ; but the degree of heat varies 



in different parts of the State, on account of the 
difference in surface. 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



9 



In Tidewater, where the lands are low, the 
climate is warm, though the heat is tempered 
by winds from the ocean. Going weshoard, the 
elevation increases, and the climate becomes 
much cooler. The mountainous regions are 
particularly healthful. 

Afton, in the Blue Ridge, is noted for its very 
dry mountain air. So dry is the atmosphere, 
that a newspaper spread on the grass at night 
shows no signs of moisture the next morning, 
although the night is much cooler than the day. 

Captain John Smith wrote long ago of Vir- 
ginia, " Heaven and earth never agreed better 
to frame a place for man's habitation." 



The distribution of rain, the light snows, and 
the short, mild winters are highly favorable to 
agriculture (tilling the soil), which is the chief 
occupation of Virgiaia. More than half the 
laboring people of the State are engaged in 
farming. 

Questions. — Is the climate of Virginia alike in all 
parts of the State? Why does it vary? Where is it 
warm, and where cool? What part of the State is par- 
ticularly healthy? What did Captain John Smith say 
of Virginia's climate? (Try to find out all about Cap- 
tain Smith, who was one of the first settlers of the 
State.) What things are favorable to agriculture in 
Virginia? What is agriculture? What is the chief 
occupation in Virginia? How many of the people are 
farmers? 



EASY GEOLOGY. 



Geology is a history of the earth's crust, as 
shown by its rocks and fossils. (Fossils are 
the remains of animals and plants found buried 
in the earth.) 

At one time or another, the surface of the 
earth was under water ; but, by degrees, and at 
various times, the lands rose, forming the conti- 
nents and islands. Parts of these are even now 
rising still higher, while other parts are gradu- 
ally sinking. Islands ha ve arisen from the sea 
in a single night, and others have disappeared 
in as short a time. 

The first part of Virginia that appeared above 
the water was that portion of the State lying be- 
In 1 " n Tidewater and the western, base of the Blue 
Ridge mountains — this land being at that time 
washed on both sides by the ocean. This sec- 
tion of Virginia has a foundation of rock, a 
great part of it being granite. Lying above 
this granite foundation are masses of sand- 



stone — rock composed chiefly of sand, hardened 
more or less, and compressed and cemented to- 
gether. The action of the weather, among 
other things, causes the substance of the sand- 
stone to disintegrate (break up), and the rock 
crumbles away. When this takes place, the 
substances that formed the sandstone mix with 
the soil and help to make it fertile. The soils 
of Middle Virginia, Piedmont and Blue Ridge 
are enriched by this decay of sandstone rocks. 

The second dry land that appeared in the 
State was the Great Valley. It once formed a 
portion of the bed of the sea, like Appalachia, 
but afterward became the beach of a great 
ocean that rolled where the Alleghany moun- 
tains now tower. Numerous prints of shells 
and of small sea animals are found upon the 
rocks of the Valley and of Appalachia. Corals 
abounded in the Valley. They contained great 
quantities of lime, and entered largely into the 



10 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



composition of limestone rocks. These rocks, 
by decaying, enriched the soil of this section. 

Appalachia was the third-formed land of the 
State. Its surface is composed mainly of paral- 
lel ranges of mountains, traversed by long nar- 
row valleys. 

The last-formed land of Virginia was the 
Tideivaler region, and even now new land is 
forming on the shores. In Tidewater we find 
countless remains of small animals that once 
lived in the mud and sand at the bottom of the 
sea. Here are whole banks of shells, some un- 
broken and perfect in shape, some changed 
into a soft, clayey mass, while others have 



hardened into a sort of rock. They contain 
much lime, and are useful for fertilizing the 
soil. 

The beds of marl are an example of these 
shelly deposits. 

Questions.— What is geology ? What are fossils ? 
What was the first-formed dry land of Virginia ? What 
kind of a foundation has it ? What is sandstone ? Tell 
how sandstone helps to fertilize soil ? What sections of 
Virginia are enriched by the decay of sandstone rocks? 
What was the second dry-land of the State ? How is 
the soil of this section enriched? Name the third- 
formed land of Virginia. What part of the State was 
formed last ? What proof have we that Tidewater was 
once covered by the ocean ? In what way are the 
shelly banks of Tidewater useful ? 



SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 



The soils of Virginia are rich and suited to 
all kinds of crops, the staple products being 
com, oats, ivheat and tobacco. The finest tobacco 
in the United States is raised in MiddleVirghua 
and Piedmont. Coarser grades are produced in 
the sections west of Piedmont. Com is the 
chief bread-grain of the country people. 

Cotton is cultivated in a few counties in the 
southeastern part of the State, between the 
James river and North Carolina. 

Grains are raised in all parts of the State, 
the largest crops being those of the Great Valley. 

The richest grasses are cultivated, the xvestern 
sections of the State forming one of the finest 
grazing regions in the world. 

Fruits are raised everywhere. Blue Ridge 
may be called " the fruit belt of Virginia," 
though other sections produce abundantly. 

Fine hay is made in Piedmont and the Valley, 
and excellent wine in Tidewater and Piedmont. 



Other farm products are butter, cheese, honey 
and maple-sugar. Wild fruits abound — cher- 
ries, plums, grapes, crab-apples, persimmons, 
berries of all kinds, &c. These are dried and 
canned in large quantities. Many plants fur- 
nish useful dyes and medicines. Among them 
are sassafras, snake-root, sarsaparilla, ginseng and 
mandrake. Beautiful wild flowers spring up 
everywhere, converting the whole country into 
one vast garden of bloom and fragrance. 

The forests of Virginia are large, and yield 
valuable timber. Here we find the yellow pine, 
cedar, cypress, locust, gum, juniper, mulberry, 
oak, maple, birch, chestnut, walnut, ash, hick- 
ory, sycamore, beech, willow, laurel, holly, pop- 
lar, elm, &c. Three other important forest 
productions are oak-bark (used in tanning and 
dyeing), charcoal and sumac leaves. 

Questions. — To what kind of crops are the rich Vir- 
ginia soils suited ? Name the chief products. Where 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



11 



is the finest tobacco raised ? What sections produce 
the coarser grades ? What is the chief bread-grain of 
the country people ? Where is cotton cultivated ? 
Where are the grains produced, and what is the chief 
erain section ? What can you say of the grasses ? 
What section may be called " the fruit belt"? Where 
is fine hay made ? Wine? Name other farm products. 



Give names of some of the fruits that grow wild. 
How are these prepared for use ? What are made 
from many plants ? Name some of Virginia s 
medicinal plants ? For what are the forests valua- 
ble chiefly ? Name the principal forest trees. Name 
three other forest products. For what is oak-bark 
used ? 



BIRDS AND WILD ANIMALS. 



The wild animals of Virginia are the bear, 
the deer, the wild cat, foxes, moles, weasels, rac- 
coons, hares, squirrels and opossums. 

The fur-bearing animals are the otter, the 
beaver and the mink. 

The poisonous serpents are the rattlesnake 
and copperhead-moccasin. 

Death from snake-bite is, however, almost 
unknown. 

The birds of Virginia include varieties too 
numerous to mention singly. 

The "game birds" of Tidewater are swans, 
geese, canvas-back ducks, teal, brant, sora,'&c. 



Turkeys, pJieasants and partridges abound in 
the inland counties. 

In addition to these, numerous song-birds 
throng the fields and woods, and fill the air 
with sweetest melody. Ch ief among these is the 
mocking-bird, so named because in its singing 
it imitates, or " mocks," all other birds, besides 
giving voice to its own natural, delightful tones. 

Questions. — Name the wild animals of Virginia. 
Which are the fur-bearing animals? Name the poison- 
ous serpents. Has Virginia many varieties of birds? 
What are the game-birds of Tidewater? Of the inland 
counties? What can you say of the song-birds of the 
State? 



MINERALS. 



Virginia is very rich in minerals, and is 
noted for the variety and beauty of its building- 
stones. There is every reason why mining 
should become one of the most important in- 
dustries of the State. 

The principal metals are gold, silver, iron, 
copper, lead, zinc, plumbago, cinnabar, cobalt, 
tin and manganese. 

Granite of the finest quality, brownstone and 
sandstone are the principal building-stones. 

Other minerals found in the State are mar- 
ble, salt, coal, mica, ochre, asbestos, whetstone, 



soapstone, emery, limestone, white glass sand, 
kaolin (fine white clay, from which china-ware 
is made), brick and fire clays, roofing-slates, 
gypsum, marl, greensand, &c. 

Iron occurs in every part of the State, the 
first successful iron furnaces in America having 
been established in Middle Virginia. The 
largest deposits of coal are in Middle Virginia 
and Appalachia. Gold is found chiefly in Mid- 
dle Virginia. 

Great quantities of sail are produced in the 
Great Valley, in Washington and Smyth coun- 



12 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



ties. It is obtained by beating brine, whicb is 
raised from underground by means of artesian 
wells tbat penetrate a solid bed of rock-salt. 

Lead occurs in many parts of the Great Val- 
ley, the richest mines being those of Wythe 
county. 

The fertilizing minerals (used for enriching 
the soil) are found chiefly in Tideivater. They 
are gypsum (plaster), marl and greensand. (The 
grains of greensand resemble grains of gun- 
powder. When bruised, they make a bright 
green stain. Greensand imparts a greenish 
color to the soil with which it is mixed.) 

Mineral Springs abound in Virginia. The 
waters of these springs are used by many per- 
sons, instead of medicines, and are considered 



very healthful. The most noted are the Hot, 
Warm and Healing Springs of Bath county; 
the Rockbridge Alum, Rockbridge Baths and 
Cold Sulphur, of Rockbridge county ; the Raw- 
ley Springs, of Rockingham county ; the Alle- 
ghany Springs, of Montgomery county. 

Questions. — What can you say of the mineral wealth 
of Virginia? Name the chief minerals. What are the 
principal building-stones? Name other minerals. 
What is kaolin? Where does iron occur? Where 
were the first successful iron furnaces in America? 
Where are the largest deposits of coal? Where is gold 
found? What section and what counties produce 
large quantities of salt? How is it obtained? What 
section yields lead? In what county are the richest 
lead mines? Where are the fertilizing minerals chiefly 
found? Name them. For what are they used? Name 
some of the most noted mineral springs of Virginia. 
For what are the waters of these springs useful? 



INDUSTRIES. 



We have seen that agriculture (farming) is the 
chief industry of Virginia. Manufacturing and 
commerce are, however, largely carried on ; also, 
dairying, fishing and stock-raising. The exten- 
sive grass lands of the State afford excellent 
grazing for cattle. Horses, mules, sheep, hogs, 
milch-cows, oxen and other cattle, are raised in 
large numbers. 

In Virginia, the great quantity of raw mate- 
rial, the fine watcr-poiver and the convenient 
ways of transportation, are favorable to manu- 
facturing, which is steadily increasing. By "raw 
material " we mean materials from which arti- 
cles of use are manufactured — as, raw cotton, 
before it is made into cloth; iron, before it is 
manufactured into stoves, &c. 

The principal manufactures are tobacco, flour, 
iron, steel, cotton-goods, lumber and leather. 



Other important manufactures are carriages, 
railroad cars, liquors, locomotives, machinery, 
clothing, boots and shoes, farming tools, wooden- 
ware, bricks, woolen goods, &c. 

The fine situation of Virginia (in the middle 
of the Atlantic coast), her excellent harbors, her 
rivers, railroads and canals, are great aids to the 
commerce of the State. 

Two ship canals — the "Albemarle and Ches- 
apeake" and the "Dismal Swamp canal" — 
greatly increase the trade in the eastern part of 
the State. 

Norfolk and Portsmouth are the chief ship- 
ping-ports. The principal exports are cotton, 
flour, tobacco, lumber, oysters and early vegetables. 
Virginia flour is shipped in large quantities to 
southern countries, because it is not affected by 
the heat. 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



13 



Questions. — What is the chief industry of Virginia ? 
Name five other important occupations. What makes 
Virginia a good place for stock-raising? Name the live 
stock of Virginia. What three things are favorable to 
manufactures? Give the chief manufactures of Vir- 



ginia.' Name others. What five things help the com- 
merce of the State? Name two important canals in 
the eastern part. What are the chief shipping-ports 
of Virginia? Name the principal exports. What article 
is largely shipped to southern countries? Why ? 



RAILROADS. 



The most important railroads of Virginia are 
the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac ; 
the Richmond and Alleghany; the Richmond 
and Petersburg; the Richmond and Danville; 



Virginia Midland; Norfolk and Western; and 
the Chesapeake and Ohio. 

Questions. — Name the principal railroads of Vir- 
ginia. Point them out on the map. 



TIDEWATER. 



Tidewater is the name given to the eastern 
and southeastern part of Virginia, and com- 
prises about one-fourth of the State. It extends 
one hundred miles back from the ocean, and is 
nearlyas large as the whole State of Maryland. 
Its surface consists of lowlands, with marshy 
places along the coast. The western boundary 
of Tidewater is marked by a ridge of hills about 
150 feet high. The rivers falling over the hills 
make excellent water-power, which assists greatly 
in manufacturing. On this account, the most 
important manufacturing cities of the State are 
situated along this line of hills between Tide- 
water and Middle Virginia. The eastern part 
of Tidewater is divided by Chesapeake Bay, 
which is 200 miles long and from 4 to 40 
miles wide. For 70 miles of its length it lies 
altogether within the limits of Virginia, the 
rest of it being in Maryland. It drains parts 
of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Dela- 
ware and Pennsylvania. It is navigable to its 
head for large vessels, and has many good 
harbors. Hampton Roads, at the mouth of 



James river, is one of the finest harbors in the 
world. 

The bay is noted, also, for its fine fish and 
oysters, and is considered " the greatest oyster- 
bed in the world." From its waters millions 
of bushels of oysters are taken yearly, and are 
shipped chiefly to Baltimore, Philadelphia and 
New York. 

Lobsters, crabs, terrapins, turtles and clams, 
also, abound. More than thirty kinds of 
food-fishes crowd the waters of Tidewater 
Virginia, and are caught in thousands — among 
them, mackerel, herring, shad, sturgeon, bass and 
blue -fish. 

Old Point Comfort, in Elizabeth City county, 
on the bay, is a noted health resort. It is very 
near Fortress Monroe. 

In this section is Dismal Swamp, a vast tim- 
ber region, covering a tract of 300 square miles. 
Its rich, wet soil produces a thick growth of 
cypress, cedar, juniper and gum trees, from which 
large quantities of shingles, staves, railroad tws 
and ship lumber are made. 



14 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



Lake Drummond, the largest lake in Vir- 
ginia, lies in the midst of Dismal Swamp. It 
is six miles in diameter, and is noted for the 
purity of its clear, bright, amber-colored water, 
which will remain unchanged for years. 

The soil of Tidewater is a light, sandy loam, 
underlaid with clay. It has been somewhat in- 
jured by the wrong kind of cultivation, but can 
easily be fertilized by using gypsum and marl. 
(Loam is earth which can easily be crumbled 
to dust.) 

The chief productions of Tidewater are fruits 
and early vegetables, which are raised in " mar- 
ket-gardens" and shipped in large quantities 
to northern cities. This is called "trucking," 
and is the most important industry of Tide- 
water. 

The trade in strawberries, potatoes and pea- 
nuts is especially large. 

Excellent wine is made from the Scuppernong 
grapes of this section. 

Thousands of game-birds — swans, geese, can- 
vas-back ducks, teal, brant, sora, etc. — crowd the 



inlets and marshes, and are caught in large 
numbers. 

Tidewater abounds in the fertilizing min- 
erals, gypsum, marl and greensand. 

Questions.— What part of the State is called Tide- 
water? How wide is it? -How large? Describe its 
surface. What marks the western boundary of Tide- 
water? How are these hills useful? How is water- 
power useful? Where are the chief manufacturing 
cities of the State situated? What large bay is in Tide- 
water? How long and how wide is it? How much of 
it lies in Virginia? What states are drained by it? 
What is its principal harbor? For what is the bay noted? 
(Ans. — Good harbors, fine fish and oysters.) Where 
are the oysters shipped? A crustacean is an animal 
having a crust-like shell. Name three crustaceans of 
Chesapeake Bay. How many kinds ot food-fishes in 
the waters of Tidewater V Name some. What noted 
health resort on the bay ? In what county is it ? What 
large swamp is in Tidewater ? tor what is it noted ? 
How large is it ? Describe its soil. What does it pro- 
duce? What are made from the timber of its trees? 
What lake in Dismal Swamp? For what is it noted ? 
Describe the soil of Tidewater. How can it be fertil- 
ized ? What is loam ? What are the chief produc- 
tions ? Name an important industry of Tidewater. 
What is "trucking"? What is made from Scupper- 
nong grapes ? Name six game birds of Tidewater. 
What minerals are found in this section ? 



MIDDLE VIRGINIA. 



Middle Virginia, beginning at the head of 
tidewater, is from 25 to 100 miles wide. Its 
surface is broken by ridges of hills, with broad, 
fertile valleys between them. This we call 
"rolling land" on account of its wavy, or roll- 
ing, appearance. 

The soil of Middle Virginia is enriched by 
the decay of sandstone rocks. It produces 
chief!)' com, wheat and tobacco. 

This tobacco (called "Virginia Leaf") is, 



like that of Piedmont, the finest raised in the 
United States. 

The deposits of iron and soft coal in Middle 
Virginia are extensive and valuable. Gold is 
found in considerable quantities. 

Questions.— Where does Middle Virginia begin ? 
How wide is it ? Describe its surface. What is " roll- 
ing land"? Describe the soil. Name the chief pro- 
ductions. What is the tobacco of Middle Virginia and 
Piedmont called, and what can you say of it ? What 
minerals are found in Middle Virginia ? 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



15 



PIEDMONT. 



Piedmont, the next division to the west, ex- 
tends in a southwesterly direction throughout 
the length of the State, and is only about 25 
miles wide. The word " Piedmont " means 
"foot of the mountain," and this division is so 
called because it lies at the base, or " foot," of 
the Blue Ridge mountains. Its surface is 
varied by hills, mountain spurs, valleys and 
plains. Like Middle Virginia, it increases in 
height toward the west. 



The soil of Piedmont (reddish in color) is 
enriched by sandstone, and produces grains, 
fruits, grasses and tobacco of the finest quality. 
The heavy crops of grasses afford fine pastu- 
rage for cattle, and excellent hay is made. 

Iron is the principal mineral. 

Questions.— What division lies west of Middle Vir- 
ginia ? In what direction does it extend ? How wide 
is it ? Why is Piedmont so called ? Describe its sur- 
face. What part of it is highest? What is the soil ? 
Name the productions. Give two uses of fine grasses. 



BLUE RIDGE. 



Towering on the western side of Piedmont is 
the Blue Ridge, a range of mountains so called 
because they appear blue in the distance. This 
section is from three miles wide in the north to 
twenty in the south, where it spreads out in a 
plateau, or table-land. Its mountains increase 
in height toward the southwest, the loftiest 
peak being Balsam mountain (5,700 feet). 

The soil of Blue Ridge, like that of Middle 
Virginia and Piedmont, is enriched by sand- 
stone. It produces fruits, tobacco, grains and 



grasess. The western slopes of the Blue Ridge 
are poor and unproductive. 

The principal minerals are copper and 
iron. 

Charcoal is made in large quantities in the 
forests of this section. 

Questions. — Describe the surface of Blue Ridge. How 
wide is it? In what part are its mountains highest? 
Name the loftiest peak. Describe the soil. Name the 
chief productions. What part of the Blue Ridge is un- 
productive ? Give the principal minerals. What is 
made in the Blue Ridge forests ? 



GREAT VALLEY 



Lying between the Blue Ridge and the Alle- 
ghanies is the Great Valley, a long tract of 
rolling country twenty miles wide. It is a part 
of the great Appalachian Valley, which stretches 
from Canada to Alabama, and it is watered by 
five great rivers — the James, Staunton, Tennes- 
see, New and Shenandoah. These furnish ex- 



cellent water-power, and drain and irrigate 
(water) the land. The Valley is so fertile that 
it has been called "the garden of America." 
Its soil is made rich by limestone, and produces 
fine grains and grasses — this being the greatest 
grain-producing section of the state, and an ex- 
cellent place for stock-raising. 



16 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



The best of hay is cured from its grasses. 

The Valley abounds in minerals, the most 
important being iron, coal, lead and salt. 

Questions.— Where does the Great Valley lie ? De- 
scribe its surface. How wide is it ? Of what is it a 



part? What large rivers water the Valley? Name 
three uses of these rivers. Why has the Great Valley 
been called "the garden of America"? Describe its soil. 
Name the productions, and tell the chief one. Name 
one important occupation of this section What is made 
from the rich grasses? Give the principal minerals. 



APPALACHIA. 



Appalachia, the most westerly division of 
Virginia, is a mountainous section crossed by 
ranges of the Alleghany System, which enclose 
long and narrow valleys. Most of the valleys 
are fertile and well-watered. The soil is en- 
riched by limestone, and yields heavy crops of 
fine grasses. Large numbers of cattle are raised 
in this section. 

Appalachia is noted for the richness and 



variety of its minerals, coal and iron being the 
most important. 

Its forests are extensive, and produce great 
quantities of valuable timber. 

Questions,— What is the most westerly division of 
Virginia ? Describe its surface. What can you say of 
its valleys ? What is the soil ? Name the chief pro- 
duction. Is it a good place for stock-raising ? If so, 
why is it? What can you say of the minerals of Appa- 
lachia ? Of its forests ? 



EDUCATION. 



Virginia has public free schools of the first 
rank. They are supported by taxation, and 
are controlled by a State Board of Education. 

Among the most noted institutions for higher 
learning are William and Mary College, at 
Williamsburg, next to the oldest college in the 
United States; the University of Virginia, at 
Charlottesville; the Washington and Lee Uni- 
versity and the Virginia Military Institute, at 



Lexington; the Female Normal School, at 
Farmville; Randolph-Macon College, at Ash- 
land ; Richmond College, at Richmond; Hamp- 
den-Sidney, in Prince Edward county; Emory 
and Henry, in Washington county. There are, 
also, many excellent private schools and acade- 
mies. 

Questions.— What can you say of the free schools of 
Virginia ? Name some of the colleges for higher 
learning? 



GOVERNMENT. 



Virginia is divided into ten congressional 
districts, and is represented in the national 
Congress at Washington by two Senators and- 
ten Representatives — twelve in all. 

The chief officers of the State government 



are a Governor, a Lieutenant-Governor and an 
Attorney-General, elected by the people every 
four years ; a Secretary of the Commonwealth, 
Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Second 
Auditor, Railroad Commissioner, Superinten- 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



17 



dent of Public Instruction and a Commissioner 
of Agriculture. The Superintendent of Public 
Instruction is chosen by the Legislature every 
four years. 

The laws of the State are made by the Leg- 
islature, which meets at Richmond every two 
years. It is composed of forty Senators, who 
are elected every four years, and one hundred 
Delegates, who serve terms of two years 

There are a supreme court, circuit, county 



and corporation courts, presided over by judges 
who are appointed by the Legislature. 

Questions. — Into how many congressional districts 
is Virginia divided ? How many representatives has 
Virginia in Congress ? Name the chief officers in the 
State. How long is the Governor's term of office ? 
Who chooses the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion ? How long does he serve ? Where and when 
does the Legislature meet ? What is the Legisla- 
ture ? How many years do the Senators serve ? 
The Delegates ? Name the Virginia courts ? Who 
appoints the judges? 



HISTORY. 



Virginia, often called " the Old Dominion," 
was settled by people from England. The 
State was named in honor of the English 
queen, Elizabeth, who was called "the Virgin 
Queen." The first permanent settlement was 
made at Jamestown, on an island in James 
river, in 1607. For a long time, the people 
struggled hard to secure safe and peaceful 
homes. They were forced to contend with hos- 
tile Indians, hunger, sickness, and exposure, 
with frequent quarreling among themselves. 
Had it not been for the efforts of Captain John 
Smith, they would all have perished. How- 
ever, the little colony grew and prospered. 
Settlements were made in other places, and, in 
time, Virginia became a great and powerful 
state. Soon after the Revolutionary War, which 
freed the American people from the rule of the 
English, Virginia gave from her own territory 
the lands out of which were formed some of 



the most important states of the Union. Many 
of the noblest and most noted men of our coun- 
try have been Virginians, including seveu presi- 
dents of the United States (Washington, Jeffer- 
son, Madison, Monroe, Harrison, Tyler, and 
Taylor). 

Among the famous names of later years 
are those of General Robert E. Lee and Gen- 
eral "Stonewall" Jackson, the great South- 
ern leaders in the war between the North and 
the South. 

Questions. — What is Virginia often called ? By whom 
was the State settled ? In whose honor was it named ? 
Where was the first lasting settlement made ? Tell 
some of the trials of the new settlers. Who saved the 
people from perishing ? What became of the little 
colony ? What war freed the American people from 
the rule of the English ? How did Virginia help in 
forming the states of the Union ? How many presi- 
dents of the United States have been Virginians ? 
Name them. Name two famous Virginians of later 
years. Who were they ? 



18 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



CITIES. 



According to the United States census of 1890, 
Virginia has fourteen cities, Richmond, the 
capital, being the largest and most important. 
The latest Hand-Book of Virginia (prepared 
by Colonel Thomas Whitehead, State Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture,) declares, however, the 
existence of jour new cities, incorporated since 
1890, each one containing the necessary num- 
ber of inhabitants — 5,000 or more. These four 
new cities are placed at the end of the list, and 
the population of each one given from the 
figures set down in the Virginia Hand-Book of 
1893. 

Richmond (population 81,388) was founded 
by Colonel William Byrd, in the year 1737, 
and became the capital of the State in 1779. 
It is situated in Henrico county, on the north 
bank of the James river, at the head of tide- 
water. The falls of the river afford fine water- 
power, making Richmond a most important 
manufacturing city. The chief manufactures 
are tobacco, flour, iron, machinery, railroad cars, 
and locomotives. Other manufactures are cotton 
goods, stoneware, furniture and bedding, farm- 
ing tools, coaches, wagons, fertilizers, bricks, 
steam engines, bark and sumac, saddlery and 
harness, drugs, boots and shoes, trunks, cloth- 
ing, stoves, leather-goods, &c. Granite of the 
finest quality abounds in the neighborhood of 
Richmond. Several important railroads and 
regular lines of steamers connect the city with 
all parts of the Union. Hence, Richmond is 
not only a great manufacturing place, but also 
an important commercial city. 



Richmond has wide, beautiful streets and 
many handsome public buildings. The most 
interesting is the capitol, standing in the centre 
of a beautiful park, or " square." Many works of 
art (paintings, statuary, &c.,) grace the capitol 
building and the grounds which surround it. 
Other public buildings are the City Hall, Post- 
Office, State Library, Governor's Mansion, 
Chamber of Commerce Building, City Jail, 
State Penitentiary, City Almshouse, Richmond 
College, Medical College, &c. 

Richmond has many large and expensive 
public school buildings, and her free schools 
rank among the best in the country. Holly- 
wood and Oakwood are the most beautiful cem- 
eteries. In these "cities of the dead" slumber 
thousands of Confederate soldiers, sleeping "the 
sleep that knows no waking." 

Norfolk (population 34,871) is next to the 
largest city in Virginia, and is in Norfolk 
county, on the Elizabeth river, near Hampton 
Roads. It is the principal seaport city of Vir- 
ginia, and is the place to which goods are sent 
from a large portion of the South and South- 
west, to be shipped to other countries. It is 
connected with inland places by railroads, with 
places along the coast by canals, and with 
foreign countries by lines of steamers. Its situ- 
ation is very favorable to commerce. It exports 
cotton, lumber, oysters, fmits, and early vegetables, 
and carries on a large trade in naval stores and 
groceries. 

Norfolk is the first peanut market of the 
world, and may be said to be the centre of the 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



19 



greatest market garden in the United States. 
It is also a fine cotton port. 

Among the public buildings of Norfolk are 
the City Hall, Masonic Temple, Court House and 
Custom House. 

Petersburg (population 22,680) is in Dinwid- 
die county, on the Appomattox river, 23 miles 
south of Richmond. The falls in the river 
make good water-power, and the chief manu- 
factures are tobacco, flour, and iron. Cotton 
and tobacco are exported. This city exports 
more manufactured tobacco than any other city 
in the United States, and is the second peanut 
market in the world. 

Lynchburg (population 19,709), in Campbell 
county, on the south bank of the James river, 
is built on rising ground, in the midst of beau- 
tiful scenery. The water-power furnished by 
the river is of the finest, and tobacco, flour, and 
iron are manufactured. 

Roanoke (population 16,159) is situated in 
Roanoke county, on the Roanoke river. Its 
manufactures of iron and machinery are very 
important. 

Alexandria (population 14,339) is in Alexan- 
dria county, on the Potomac river, seven miles 
below Washington. It is splendidly situated 
for manufacturing, being near the mines of 
coal and iron, and on a deep river. It manu- 
factures flour, machinery, bricks, fertilizers, and 
wooden-ware, and carries on a large trade in 
coal. It is noted for its excellent schools. 

Portsmouth (population 13,268) is in Norfolk 
county, on the Elizabeth river, opposite the city 
of Norfolk, with which it is connected by a 
ferry. At Portsmouth are a dry dock, a United 



States Navy-yard, and a Marine Hospital. The 
city exports cotton, lumber, and early vegetables. 

Danville (population 10,305), in Pittsylvania 
county, on the Dan river, is noted for its trade 
in tobacco. It claims to be the greatest loose- 
leaf tobacco market in the world. 

Manchester (population 9,246), next to the 
oldest settlement in the State, is in Chesterfield 
county, on James river, opposite Richmond, 
with which it is connected by several bridges. 
It manufactures cotton, paper, flour and iron. 

Staunton (population 6,975), in Augusta 
county, is situated in the midst of a fertile and 
healthful region, and is surrounded by beauti- 
ful mountain scenery. It manufactures flour, 
tobacco and iron. The Western Lunatic Asy- 
lum and the Asylum for the Deaf, the Dumb, 
and the Blind are in this city. 

Charlottesville (population 5,591) is in Albe- 
marle county, on the Rivanna river. It is the 
seat of the University of Virginia, one of the 
finest institutions of learning in America. It 
manufactures, among other things, fine woolen 
goods, and owns the largest woolen mills in the 
South. 

Winchester (population 5,196), in Frederick 
county, has one of the largest bark and sumac 
mills in the country. Its manufactures are 
considerable ; its gloves have a national reputa- 
tion. Washington built here the first fort west 
of the Blue Ridge mountains. 

Fredericksburg (population 4,528), in Spott- 
sylvania county, on the Rappahannook river, 
manufactures iron, flour and machinery. The 
city does a large trade in grain, flour, tobacco 
and granite. 



20 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



Williamsburg (population 1,831), in James 
City count}', between the York and James 
rivers, is the oldest city in Virginia, and until 
1779 was the capital of the State. In early 
times it was known as " Middle Plantation," 
but was called Williamsburg in honor of King 
William of England. It is noted for its Wil- 
liam and Mary College, next to the oldest col- 
lege in the United States, and for its Insane 
Asylum, the oldest in America. 

Buena Vista, in Rockbridge county, was in- 
corporated in 1892, with a population of 5,240. 
Its rapid advancement was due to its situation 
in a rich mineral district. 



It manufactures iron, steel, woolen cloth and 
machinery. 

Bristol, in Washington county, also, became 
a city in 1892. It is a prosperous, thriving 
place, and is the terminus of the Norfolk and 
Western railroad. 

Radford ( population 5,643 — incorporated 
1892) is in Montgomery county. Here are the 
repair shops of the Norfolk and Western rail- 
road, working a large force of hands. 

Neapolis (population about 5,000) is in Pitt- 
sylvania county, on the opposite side of the 
Dan river from the city of Danville. The town 
has fine water and splendid natural drainage. 



QUESTIONS ON CITIES. 



Name all the cities of Virginia. 

Richmond —By whom was Richmond founded ? In 
what year ? When did it become the capital ? Where 
is it situated ? What makes Richmond an important 
manufacturing city ? What are its chief manufac- 
tures ? Name others. What building-stone ia found 
near Richmond ? What makes Richmond an impor- 
tant place for commerce? Describe the capitol build- 
ing. Name other public buildings. What can you say 
of the free schools of Richmond ? Name the most 
beautiful cemeteries. 

Norfolk. — What city is next to the largest in the 
State ? Describe its situation. What kind of a city is 
Norfolk ? How is it connected with inland places ? 
With places along the coast ? With foreign countries? 
What is its chief industry ? Name its exports. What 
large trade does it carry on ? What can you say of its 
peanut trade ? Name some of its public buildings. 

Petersburg. — Where is it ? Name its chief manu- 
factures. What things are exported ? What can you 
say of the tobacco trade ? Of the peanut trade ? 

Lynchburg. — How is Lynchburg situated ? How 
does the city get its water power, and what does it 
manufacture ? 

Roanoke. — Locate the city, and give its important 
manufactures. 



Alexandria. — Where is it ? Name its manufactures. 
What important trade does it carry on ? What of its 
schools ? 

Portsmouth. — Describe its situation. What is a 
ferry ? Name three places of interest in Portsmouth. 
What are exports ? 

Danville, — Where is Danville? For what is it noted? 

Manchester, — Describe its situation. What does it 
manufacture ? 

Staunton. — How is it situated ? Name its manufac- 
tures. Name two of its important institutions. 

Charlottesville.— Where is it? For what is it noted? 
Give its chief manufactures. 

Winchester.— Where is Winchester ? What can you 
say of it ? Give its manufactures. 

Fredericksburg.— Locate Fredericksburg. Name its 
manufactures. What trade has it ? 

Williamsburg. — Where is Williamsburg ? What can 
you say of it ? What was this city called in early 
times ? After whom was it named ? For what two 
things is it noted ? 

Ruena Vista.— In what county is Buena Vista ? Give 
its manufactures. 

Rristol — Where is Bristol ? What can you say of it ? 

Radford.— Where is it ? What large industry here ? 

Neapolis. — Describe its situation. 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



21 



IMPORTANT TOWNS. 



Lexington, in Rockbridge county, is the seat 
of the Virginia Military Institute. 

Pulaski City is in the western part of Pulaski 
county. It manufactures iron, flour and ivooden- 
tuare. 

Newport News, at the mouth of James river, 
in Warwick county, is an important shipping- 
port of Virginia. 

Suffolk is the county-seat of Nansemond 
county. 

Farmville, in Prince Edward county, is the 
seat of the State Female Normal School. ' 

West Point is in King William county, at 
the head of York river. From this town cot- 
ton, flour, lumber, &c, are shipped regularly to 
Europe and South America. 

Wytheville, in the central part of Wythe 
county, is a thriving, educational town. 

Salem, in Roanoke county, on the Roanoke 



river, is noted for its manufactures and for its 
fine schools. 

Bedford City, formerly called Liberty, is sit- 
uated in Bedford county, on the Norfolk and 
Western railroad. It manufactures tobacco and 
cigars. 

Virginia has many other towns and villages. 
A few among them are Ashland, in Hanover 
county; Harrisonburg, in Rockingham county; 
Hampton, in Elizabeth City county, &c, &c. 

Questions. — Where is Lexington ? What important 
institution of learning is in Lexington ? 

Pulaski City. — In what county is it ? Give its manu- 
factures. 

Suffolk.— What can you say of Suffolk ? 

Farmville. — Tell where this town is, and give the 
name of an important school located here. 

West Point. — How is it situated ? What articles are 
shipped from West Point ? 

Wytheville. — What can you say of Wytheville ? 

Salem.— Where is Salem ? For what is it noted ? 

Bedford City. — Give the old name for Bedford City, 
and describe its situation. Give its manufactures. 

Where is Ashland ! Harrisonburg 2 Hampton ? 



22 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



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GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 23 



DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING MAP OF VIRGINIA. 

The system of map drawing by parallels and meridians as developed by Mr. S. T. Pendle- 
ton, Principal of Central School, has been so successfully used in the Richmond Public Schools, 
that it is selected for our purpose. 

By this system, the blue lines on cap paper are used for units of measurement; and no im- 
plements are employed for drawing, except pencils, or pens, and cap paper. 

As a preliminary exercise, the pupils should practice dividing lines and distances into 
halves, fourths and thirds. 

The measure for locating the meridians is from the same paper as that on which the map 
is drawn. To make this properly, fold the cap paper lengthwise about one and one-half inches 
from the margin, and then carefully tear the strip from the paper along the crease made by the 
fold. Then fold this strip lengthwise; and the measure will be about three-fourths of an inch 
wide. Put dots and numbers along the folded edge of the measure, as shown in the sample on 
the opposite page. Do this with great care and exactness. 

To draw the parallels and meridians: 

1st. Number for parallels at end of every other blue line. 

2d. Make dots for meridians one and one-half spaces apart on the 40th and 36th parallels. 
In order to construct the meridians, which are perpendicular to the parallels (or blue lines) 
place the measure along the blue line numbered "40," with the right-hand mark (*) of the 
measure exactly on the right-hand edge of the paper on which the map is to be drawn. Then 
make dots on the blue line (40) immediately under those on the measure. Do this, also, on the 
blue line numbered " 36." Do not let the measure slip. 

3d. Draw meridians by connecting these dots. 

4th. Lastly, draw parallels along the numbered blue lines 

To draw the map : 

Notice location of dots in the first diagram, and observe that all the dots are either half, 
fourth or third-way points, except when they are so near as almost to touch the parallels or 
meridians. 

In making the outline, place the dots in the proper places, as indicated in the diagrams, 
and connect with faint, dotted lines. In filling the interior, use dots in a similar manner. Lo- 
cate the towns first, and then the rivers and mountains. The pupils should draw the parallels 
and meridians and all guiding lines and points lightly on their first draught; those in the dia- 
gram are made heavy in order that they may be distinctly seen. Notice that the lines are not 
always to be drawn exactly to the dots, but very frequently near them — as in the northern part 
of the State on parallel 39, and between meridians 78 and 79. 



* 






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24 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



LIST OF COUNTIES. 



NAMES. 



3 
P. 
O 



NAMES. 



9 
O. 
O 

a. 



Ac'-co-mac . . . . 
Al-be-marle' . . . 
Al-ex-an'dri-a . . 
Al'-le-ghany . . . 
A-me'-li-a .... 
Am'-herst . . . . 
Ap-po-mat'-tox. . 
Au-gus'-ta . . . . 
Buck'-ing-ham . . 
Bot'-e-tourt . . . 

Bath 

Bed'-ford 

Bland 

Bruns'-wick . . . 
Buch-an'-an . . . 

Car'-roll 

Ches'-ter-field . . 

Craig 

Cul'-pep-er. . . . 
Car'-o-line . . . . 
Charles City . . . 
CharMotte . . . . 
Camp'-bell . . . . 

Clarke 

Cum'-ber-land . . 
Dick'-en-son . . . 
Din-wid'-die . . . 
E-liz'-a-beth City 

Es'-sex 

FairMax 

Fau-quier' . . . . 
Flu-van'-na. . . . 

Floyd 

Frank'-lin . . . . 
Fred'-er-ick. . . . 
Greens'-ville . . . 

Gray'-son 

Gooeh'-land . . . 

Greene 

Glouces'-ter . . . 

Gilea 

Hal'-i-fax 

Han'-o-ver . . . . 

Hen-ri'-co 

Hen'-ry 

High'-land . . . . 
Isle of Wight . . 
James City . . . , 
King George . . . 
King and Queen 



252,945 
459,238 

20,288 
431,787 
222,788 
300,013 
203,679 
627,015 
351 ,785 
394,092 
500,157 
492,990 
231,683 
345,976 
639,262 
350,090 
293,074 
238,781 
237,635 
335,354 
113,405 
297,927 
325.599 
109J73 
189,886 
313,597 
326,075 

29,897 
160,667 
259.362 
413,697 
180,009 
238,348 
453,200 
278,169 
186.728 
261,686 
178,604 
107,016 
135,345 
240,347 
516,961 
292,569 
161,816 
368,799 
264,911 
191,451 

92377 
111,676 

194,713 



27,277 
32,379 
18,597 
19,283 

9,068 
17,551 

9,589 
37,005 
14,383 
14,854 

4,587 
31,213 

5,129 
17,245 

5,867 
15,497 
26,211 

3,835 
13,233 
16,681 

5,066 
15,077 
41,087 

8,071 

9,482 

6,077 
36,195 
16,168 
10,047 
16,655 
22 590 

9,508 
14,405 
24,985 
17,880 

8,230 
14,394 

9,958 

5,622 
11,653 

9,090 
34,424 
17,402 
103,394 
18,208 

5,352 
11,313 

5.643 

6,641 

9,669 



King Will'-iam . . . 
Lan^cas-ter . . . . 

Lee 

Lou'-doun 

Lou-i'-sa, 

Lun'-en-burg . . . . 

Mad'-i-son 

Math'-ews 

Meck'-len-burg . . . 

Mid'-dle-sex 

Mont-gom'-er-y . . . 
Nan'-se-inond . . . . 

Nel'-son 

New Kent' 

Nor'-folk 

North-amp'-ton . . 
Nor-thum -ber-land 

Not'-to-way 

Or'-ange 

Page 

Pat'-rick 

Pitt-syl-va'-ni-a. . . 

Pow-ha-tan' 

Prince Ed'-ward . . 
Prince George . . 
Prince Will'-iam . . 
Princess Anne. . . , 

Pu-las'-ii 

Rap-pa-han'-nock. 
Rich'- mond . . . . 

Ro-a-noke' 

Rock'-bridge . . . . 
Rock'-ing-h&m . . . 

Rus'-sell. 

Scott 

Smyth 

Shen-an-do'-ah . . 
South-amp'-ton . . 

Staf'-ford 

Spott-syl-va'-ni-a . 

Sur'-ry 

Sus'-sex 

Taze'-well 

War'-ren 

■War'-wick 

Wash'-ing-ton. . . 
West-moreMand . 

Wise 

Wythe 

York 



172,433 
80.4S6 
299,294 
322,745 
•-•Sti.44.i 
267,535 
224,745 
53,515 
414.262 
80,829 
239.032 
259,394 
288,127 
129,609 
229,647 
113,255 
11S.197 

22i ass 

213,007 
174,572 
349,776 
628,134 

162,816 

171 ,016 
220,685 
139.070 
195,763 
175,601 
117,252 
195.581 
401,569 
690,560 
370453 
335,427 
310,926 
354,598 
369,618 
163,908 
258,879 
138,131 
398,062 
355,847 
129,391 

42,766 
368.157 
141,983 
454,872 
315,464 

70,982 



9,605 

7,191 

18,216 

23.274 

16,997 

11.372 

10,225 

7.458 

25,359 

7,428 

17,742 

19,692 

15,336 

5,511 

77,038 

10,313 

7,885 

11,582 

12,814 

13,092 

14,147 

59.941 

6,791 

17.694 

7.872 

9.805 

9,510 

12,790 

8,678 

7,146 

30,101 



31.209 
16.126 
21.604 
13 360 
19.671 
20.078 

7,362 
14,233 

8,256 
11,100 
19.899 

8,280 

6,650 
29,020 

8,399 

9345 
18,019 

7,596 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



25 



Ac'-co-mac, 

Al-be-marle', 

Al-ex-an' dri-a, 

Al'-le-gha-ny, 

Ap-pa-lach'-i-an, 

Ap-po-mat'-tox, 

Au-giis'-ta, 

Bue-na Vis'-ta, 

Bot'-e-tourt, (turt). 

Buch-au -an, 

Car -roll, 

Cul'-pep-er, 

Chiir'-lotte (Shiir'-lot), 

Ches'-a-peake, 

Camp'-bell, 

Din-wid'-die, 

E-liz'-a-beth City, 

Es'-sex, 

Fair'-f&x, 

Fau-quier' (Faw-keV), 

Flu-van'-na, 

Greens'-ville, 

Gray'-son, 

Gooch'-land, 

Glouces'-ter (Glos'-ter), 

Giles (Jiles), 

Hal'-I-fax, 

Han'-o-ver, 



PRONOUNCING LIST. 

Heu-ri'-co, 

Isle of Wight' (He), 

Lan'-cas-ter, 

Lou-i'-sa (Loo-e'-za), 

Lun'-en-burg, 

Mid'-dle-sex, 

Mon-ti-yeT 16, 

Mont-pe'-li-er, 

Nan'-se-mond, 

Ne-ap'-o-lis, 

Nor- thum'-ber-land, 

Not'-to-way, 

Pitt-syLva'-ni-a, 

Po-to'-mac, 

Pow-ha-tan', 

Pu-las'-ki, 

Rap-pa-han'-nock, 

Ro-a-uoke', 

Smyth (Smith), 

Shen-an-do'-iih, 

Spott-syl-va'-ni-a, 

Sus'-sex, 

Taze'-well, 

War'-wick, 

Wey'-er. 

Wythe (With). 

Ag-ri-cul'-ture. 



Ar-te'-sian, 

At-tor'-ney (At-tur'-uy ), 

As-bes'-tos, 

Om'-ua-bar, 

Con-gres'-sion-al, 

C5m-mer'-cial (shal), 

Crus-ta'-cean (shan), 

DeT-e-gates, 

Dis-in'-te-grate, 

Gin'-seng, 

Gyp-sum, 

In'-dus-tries, 

In-stl-tu'-tions, 

Ir'-ri-gate, 

Ka'-6-lin, 

Leg-Is-la'-ture, 

Lieu-ten'-ant, 

Me-di<;'-In-al, 

Nav'-I-ga-ble, 

O'-chre (o'-ker), 

Pheas'-ants (Fez'-ants), 

Pla-teau' (Pla-to') 

Plum-ba'-go, 

Rep-re-sent'-a-tives, 

Siir-sa-pa-ril'-la, 

Scup'-per-nong, 

Trans-por-ta'-tion, 

U-ni-ver'-si-ty. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



C. H. — Court House, 
Col.— Colonel (Kur'-nel), 
Co. — County, 
Capt. — Captain, 
Gen. — General, 



Jno. — John, 
Mt. — Mountain, 
R.— River, 
Robt. — Robert, 



Supt . — Superintendent, 
U. S.— United States, 
Va. — Virginia, 
Wm.— William. 



APPENDIX. 



POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN VIRGINIA. 



CITIES, TOWNS AND 
VILLAGES. 



CITIES, TOWNS AND 
VILLAGES. 



Sag 



CITIES, TOWNS AND 
VILLAGES. 



Abingdon town . . . . 
Alexandria city . . . . 

Amherst town 

Arrington village . . . 

Ashland town 

Bedford City 

Belfield village . . . . 

Berkley town 

Blackstone town . . . 
Bowling Green town . 
Bristol town * . . . 
Broadway town . . . . 
Brownsburg village . . 
Buchanan village . . . 
Buena Vista town + . . 
Burkeville town .■ . . , 
Charlottesville city . , 
Cha9e City village . . 
Chatham town . . . 
Chincoteague Island . 
Churchwood village . 
City Point town . . . . 
Clarksville village. . . 
Clifton Forge town . . 
Clover Depot village . 
Columbia village . . . 
Covington town . . . . 

Crewe town 

Culpeper town. . . 

Daniel town 

Danville city 

Dublin town 

Eagle Rock village . . 
Edenburg town . . . . 

Emporia town 

Ettricks village . . . , 
Falls Church town . . 
Falls Mills village . . , 
Farmville town . . . . 
Fortress Monroe . . . . 

Franklin town 

Fredericksburg city . . 
Freedman village . . . 



,674 
,339 
590 
20S 
948 
,897 
493 
,899 
580 
511 
,902 
497 
237 
802 
,088 
404 
,591 
618 
757 
210 
346 
409 
656 
,792 
422 
239 
704 
887 
,620 
838 
.305 
410 
223 
512 
595 
991 
792 
228 
,404 
741 
875 
,528 
338 



Front Royal town . . . . 
Glade Spring village . . . 
Glen Wilton village . . . 
Gordonsville village . . . 

Graham town 

Green backville town . . . 
Greenville village . . . . 

Hamilton town 

Hampton town 

Harrisonburg 

Herndon town 

Houston town 

Jeffersonville town . . 
Lawrenceville town . . . 

Lebanon town 

Leesburgh town 

Lexington town 

Long Dale village . . . . 
Lovingston village . . . . 

Lowmoor village 

Luray village 

Lynchburg city 

Lynch Station village . . 

Madison town 

Manassas village 

Manchester city 

Marion town 

Matoaca village 

Middlebrook village . . . 
Middleburgtown . . . 
Middletown town . . . . 

Millwood town 

Mount Sidney village 
New Castle village . . . 
New Market town . . . . 
New River Depot village . 
Newport News town . . . 

Newville town 

Norfolk city 

North Danville town t . 

Occoquan village 

Orange village 

Pamplin city 



500 
455 
962 

1,021 
320 
328 
407 

2,513 

2.792 
795 

1,285 
604 
305 
310 

1,650 

3,059 
810 
300 
989 

2,809 

19,709 

213 

353 

530 

9.246 

1,651 
545 
222 
429 
411 
400 
304 
214 
697 
685 

4,449 

309 

34,871 

3,799 
297 
571 
294 



Pearisburg town 

Petersburgcity 

Pocahontas town 

Port Royal town 

Portsmouth city 

Pulaski town 

Radford town $ . . . . 

Reusen village , 

Ridgeway town 

Richmond city 

Roanoke city 

Rocky Mount town . . . , 

Round Hill town 

Rustburg village 

Scottsburg village . . . , 

Salem town 

Scottsville village . . . , 
Shenandoah village . . , 

(Milnes P. O.) 

Smithneld town 

South Boston town . . . , 
Stanardsville town . . . . 

Staunton city 

Stephen City town . . . , 

Strasburg town 

Stuart village 

Sturgeonville village. . . 

Suffolk town 

Tappahannock village . . 

Vinton town 

Wallace Switch village . 

Warrenton town 

Washington town . . . . 

Waterford town 

Waynesboro town . . . , 

West End town 

West Point town 

Whaleyville village . . . 
Williamsburg city . . . 

Winchester city 

Woodstock town 

Wytheville town 

Yorktown town 



341 

22,680 

2,953 

236 

13,268 

2,112 

2,060 

361 

236 

81,388 

16,159 

628 

207 

352 

297 

3.279 

362 

751 



891 

1.789 

330 

6,975 

443 

646 

664 

519 

3,354 

452 

1.057 

407 

1,346 

252 

385 

646 

283 

2,018 

290 

1,831 

6,196 

2,136 

2,570 

221 



* Now an incorporated city with over 5,000 inhabitants. 

+ Buena Vista became a city in 1892. Population at that time, 5,240. 

| Now Neapolis, a city of about 5,000 population. 

$ Radford has become a city. Population in 1892, 5.643. 



[ 26] 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 27 



TREES OF VIRGINIA. 

Yellow pine, loblolly pine, hemlock pine, white pine, pitch pine, table mountain pine, Jersey scrub pine, 
red oak, white oak, turkey oak, water oak, post oak, bastard live oak, yellow oak, chestnut oak, scarlet oak, black 
oak, black-jack oak, Spanish oak, pin oak, willow oak, bear oak, swamp white oak, scrub white oak, red mul- 
berry, white mulberry, sycamore, black walnut, white walnut, butternut hickory, pignut hickory, white hickory, 
red hickory, shell-bark hickory, weeping willow, white willow, silky willow, black willow, golden willow, persim- 
mon, white ash, Paulonia, silver maple, hazelnut, laurel, rose, bay (Rhododendron), ailanthus (Paradise tree), 
Cottonwood, cypress, umbrella tree, juniper, bay laurel, white poplar, Lombardy poplar, yellow poplar, pawpaw, 
aspen, lashhorn, dogwood, wild plum, wild cherry, nine bark, red cedar, white cedar (arbor vitae), linden, fringe 
tree, catalpa, sassafras, horn beam, sugar berry, winged elm, water elm, red elm, slippery elm, cherry birch, led 
birch, ironwood, water beech, beech, chestnut, chinquepin, black alder, holly, sugar maple, red maple, bird-eye 
maple, curled maple, box elder or ash-leaved maple, honey locust, yellow (mountain) locust, common locust, red 
bud (Judas tree), poison elder (thunder tree), stag horn (sumac), southern crab, scarlet fruited thorn, wild cur- 
rant, witch hazel, sweet gum, black gum, black haw, swamp dogwood, cucumber, spicewood, buckeye ash, 
swamp huckleberry, paper mulberry, yew. 

VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS. 

Corn, oats, wheat, Indian corn, buckwheat, rye, barley, the grasses, tobacco, cotton, hay, potatoes (Irish 
and sweet), peanuts, sorghum, ramie and jute, hops, flax, castor beans, &c. 

Trucks. — Tomatoes, cabbage, spinach, kale, peas, beans, beets, onions, lettuce, radishes, asparagus, pea- 
nuts, turnips melons, potatoes, celery, egg-plants, small fruits, &c. 

THE FRUITS. 

Grapes, peaches, apples, nectarines, quinces, pears, plums, figs, apricots, persimmons, blackberries, straw- 
berries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, cherries, &c. 

POULTRY. 

Chickens. — Shanghais, Wyandottes, the brown and the white Leghorns, Cochin-Chinas, Chittatongs ( 
Dominica and blue hens, and many cross breeds. 

Turkeys. — The white Holland, the bronze, the gray, the yellow and the wild turkey. 

Geese. — Touloose, wild goose, China and Emden, white gander and grey goose, common goose. 

Ducks. — Canvas-back, Muscovy Pekin and Aylesbury ducks, puddle ducks. 

Guineas. — Blue, dark grey white and dotted. 

Peafowls. — Raised for their tail feathers. 

Pig-eons.— (Every variety.)— Tumblers, Fan-tails, Homing pigeons, Rufilers, &c. 

DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

Horses, mules, asses, sheep, goats, bulls, cows, oxen, hogs, guinea-pigs, cats, dogs, rabbits. 



28 GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



FISH. 

Sturgeon, rock, blue fish, shad, sheepshead, hog fish, herring, halibut, Spanish mackerel, croker, spots, 
flat-back gar, mason, mullet, carp, pike, trout, black bass, red-horse, cat-fish, perch (silver, white, and sun perch), 
chub (white and horned chub), suckers, whitesides, eels, &c. 

Shell Fish. — Crabs, mussels, clams, oysters, terrapins, lobsters. 

BIRDS. 

White pelican, American brown pelican American merganser, red-breasted merganser, hooded mer- 
ganser, mallard, dusky duck, black duck, American widgeon, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, pintail, sprig- 
tail, wood duck, summer duck, red head, canvas-back duck, scaup duck, lesser scaup duck, lesser blackhead, 
flock duck, raft duck, American golden-eye, cathead, ruffle-head dipper, butter-ball, American scoter, velvet 
duck, ruddy duck, double-crested cormorant, gannet, Leach's petrel, flood gull, black skimmer, least tern, 
roseate tern, common tern, Forster's tern, royal tern, Caspian tern, marsh tern, horned grebe, pied-bill grebe, 
great northern diver, red-throated diver, razor-bill auk, herring gull, ring-bill gull, Bonaparte's gull, snow 
goose, wild goose, Hutchin's goose, brandt, whistling swan, bittern, great blue heron, American egrett, snowy 
heron, little blue heron, Wilson's thrush, gray-checked thrush, olive-backed thrush, American robin, blue-bird, 
green heron (fly up the creek), black-crowned night heron, yellow-crowned night heron, sand-hill crane, king 
rail, king sora, clapper rail, Virginia rail, common rail sora, yellow rail, little black rail, purple gallinule, Florida 
gallinule, American coot crow duck, American goldon plover, kildee, semi-palmated plover, piping plover, billed 
piping plover, Wilson's plover, stuttering bird, turnstone calico-back, American oyster catcher, partridge, quail, 
ruffled grouse, pheasant, pinnated grouse, wild turkey, passenger pigeon, dove, turkey buzzard, marsh hawk, 
swallow-tail kite, sharp-shinned hawk, Cooper's hawk, American gos hawk, red-tailed hawk, hen-hawk, red- 
shouldered hawk, broad-winged hawk, American rough-legged hawk, northern phaleroppe, European wood- 
cock, Wilson's snipe, red-breasted snipe, red-breasted sandpiper, least sandpiper, semi-palmated sandpiper, 
western sandpiper, sandwing, great marble godwit, ring-tailed merlin, great yellow-legs, solitary sandpiper, 
willet, spotted sandpiper, bartramian sandpiper, long-billed curlew, Hudsonian curlew, Eskimo curlew, black- 
billed plover, golden eagle, bald eagle, screech owl, snowy owl, yellow-billed cuckoo, black-billed cuckoo, billed 
£ing-fisher, hairy woodpecker, downy woodpecker, red cockade woodpecker, yellow-billed woodpecker, pileated 
woodpecker, red-head woodpecker, red-billed woodpecker, golden- wing woodpecker, chuck wills widow, whip- 
poorwill, night hawk, bull bat, chimney swift, humming-bird, scissors-tailed fly-catcher, kingbird, bee martin, 
pewee, olive-sided fly-catcher, wood pewee, yellow-billed fly-catcher, arcadian fly-catcher, trail's fly-catcher, field 
sparrow, tree sparrow, white-throated sparrow, English sparrow, Ipswich sparrow, Savanna sparrow, yellow- 
winged sparrow, Henslow's Sparrow, lark sparrow, seaside finch, sharp-tailed finch, grass finch, lapland long- 
spur, snow bunting, pine finch, yellow-bird, white-winged crossbill, American crossbill, purple finch, pink gros- 
beak, boat-tailed grackle, bronzed grackle, purple grackle, rusty blackbird, oriole, Baltimore oriole, orange 
oriole, meadow lark, red-winged blackbird, cow bird, bobolink, fish crow, blue jay, prairie horned lark, shore 
lark, horned lark, snowbird, Caroline junco, song sparrow, Lincoln's sparrow, swamp sparrow, fox-colored spar- 
row, towhee sparrow, rose-breasted grosbeak, blue grosbeak, red-bird, indigo bird, black-throated bunting, 
scarlet tanager, summer red-bird, purple martin, clift swallow, barn swallow, white-billed swallow, bank swallow, 
rough-winged swallow, cedar-bird, loger-head shrike, white rumped shrike, red-eye vireo, Philadelphia vireo, 
warbling vireo, mountain solitary vireo, white-eyed vireo, black and white creeper, prothonotary warbler, worm- 
eating warbler, chestnut sido warbler, yellow-rumped warbler, Brewster's warbler, orange-colored warbler, 
black-throated warbler, magnolia warbler or black and yellow warbler, blue yellow-backed warbler, Cape May 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 29 

warbler, yellow warbler, black-pole warbler, blaek-burnian warbler, yellow-throated warbler, black-throated 
green warbler, water thrush, Gunnel's water thrush, Louisa water thrush, Kentucky warbler, Connecticut 
warbler, morning warbler, Maryland yellow-throat, yellow-pine creeping warbler, yellow red-pole warbler, 
prairie warbler, oven bird, yellow-breasted chat, hooded warbler, Canadian warbler, redstart, titlark, mocking- 
bird, catbird, brown thrush, great Carolina wren, Bunch's wren, house wren, winter wren, long-billed marsh 
wren, short-billed marsh wren, brown creeper, white-breasted nuthatch, red-breasted nuthatch, brown-headed 
nuthatch, tufted titmouse, tomtit, chickadedee, Carolina chickadee, golden-crowned kinglet, ruby-crowned 
kinglet, blue-grey gnat-catcher, woodthrush. 

MINERALS. 

Brick and fire clays, ochre, kaolin, shell-limestone, sandstone, brownstone, soapstone, marble, granite, 
gneiss, barytes, pyrites (sulphuret of iron), slates, limestone, marls, greensand, gypsum, plumbago, asbestos, 
mica, salt, zinc, tin, gold, silver, Iron, copper, lead, cobalt, cinnabar, freestone, glass sand, epidote, greenstone 
rocks, manganese, lithographic stone, lime and cement, &c. 

MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Augusta Co. — Stribling, Variety, Crawford, the Lone Fountain, and the Chalybeate Lithia Springs. 

Albemarle Co. — Fry's Springs. 

Amelia Co.— Otterburn Lithia Springs. 

Alleghany Co. — Sweet Chalybeate Springs. 

Amherst Co. — Buffalo Springs. 

Bath Co. — The Hot, the Bath Alum, the Healing, the Warm Springs, Millboro, and Wallah-Watoola 

Springs. 
Bedford Co. — Bedford Alum Springs. 
Bland Co. — Sharon and Kimberling Springs. 
Botetourt Co. — Blue Ridge Springs, Dagger's Springs, Coyners. 
Cumberland Co.— Farmvillo Lithia Springs. 

Frederick Co. — Rock Eton Springs, Jordan White Sulphur Springs. 
Giles Co. — New R White Sulphur and Hunter's Alum Springs. 
Halifax Co.— Wolf-Trap Lithia Springs. 
Mecklenburg Co.— Buffalo Lithia Springs. 

Montgomery Co. — White Sulphur, Alleghany, Yellow Sulphur Springs. 
Nelson Co. — Buffalo Ridge Springs. 
Powhatan Co. — Huguenot Sulphur Springs. 

Rockingham Co. — Rawley Springs, Rockingham Mineral Springs. 

Rockbridge Co. — Rockbridge Alum, Rockbridge Baths, Cold Sulphur, Jordan Alum Springs. 
Scott Co. — Holston Springs. 
Smyth Co. — Chilhowie Springs. 

Shenandoah Co. — Orkney, Shenandoah. Alum, Orange Springs. 
Sussex Co.— The Copper Honk. 
Washington Co. — Mangel Springs and Washington Springs. 



30 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



COLONIAL GOVERNORS OF VIRGINIA. 



No. 



l 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 



NAMES. 



Edward Maria Wingfield. . . . 

John Ratcliffe 

John Smith 

George Percy 

Thomas West (Lord Delaware) 

Thomas Dale 

George Yeardley 

Samuel Argal 

George Yeardley 

Francis Wyatt 

George Yeardley 

Francis West 

John Potts 

John Hervey 

John West 

John Hervey 

Francis Wyatt 

William Berkeley 

Richard Kemp 

William Berkeley 

Richard Bennett 

Edward Digges 

Samuel Matthews 

William Berkeley 

Herbert Jeffries 

Herbert Jeffries 



•6 




V 








H 


No. 


O 




P. 




0. 




< 




1607 


27 


1607 


28 


1608 


29 


1609 


30 


1609 


31 


1611 


32 


1616 


33 


1617 


34 


1619 


35 


1621 


36 


1626 


37 


1627 


38 


1628 


39 


1629 


40 


1635 


41 


1635 


42 


1639 


43 


1641 


44 


1645 


45 


1645 


46 


1652 


47 


1656 


48 


1658 


49 


1660 


50 


1677 


51 


1677 


52 



NAMES. 



$ 



Henry Chieheley i 

Thomas Lord Culpeper 

Henry Chieheley 

Lord Howard of Effingham 

Nathaniel Bacon 

Francis Nicholson 

Edmund Andros 

Francis Nicholson | 

Earl of Orkney 

Edward Nott 

Edmund Jennings 

Robert Hunter I 

Alexander Spotswood 

Hugh Drysdale 

Robert Carter 

William Gooch 

John Robinson, Sr 

Lord Albemarle 

Louis Burwell 

Robert Dinwiddie 

John Blair 

Francis Fauquier 

John Blair . 

Norborne Berkeley de Boteto't 

William Nelson 

John Lord Dunmore 



1678 
1678 
1680 
1684 
1689 
1690 
1692 
1698 
1704 
1705 
1706 
1710 
1710 
1722 
1726 
1727 
1749 
1749 
1750 
1752 
1758 
1758 
1768 
1768 
1770 
1772 



VIRGINIA COLLEGES. 



The University of Virginia (Charlottesville)— Founded January, 1819. 

Virginia Military Institute (Lexington)— Established March, 1839. 

Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (Blacksburg)— Established 1872. 

State Female Normal School (Farmville)— Established, session 1883-84. 

William and Mary College (Williamsburg)— Chartered in 1693. 

Institution for the Deaf, the Dumb, and the Blind (Staunton). 

Washington and Lee University (Lexington)— Incorporated October, 1782. 

Hampden-Sidney College (Prince Edward county) — Founded in 1775. 

Medical College of Virginia (Richmond). 

Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute [colored] (Petersburg)— Founded March, 1882. 

Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute [colored and Indians] (Hampton) -Incorporated, 1870. 

Randolph-Macon College (Ashland)— Incorporated February, 1830. 

The Miller Manual-Labor School of Albemarle county— Established by Samuel Miller, April, 1859. 

Theological Seminary of Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia (Alexandria)— Qhartered in 1854. 

Union Theological Seminary (Hampden-Sidney, Prince Edward county). 

Richmond College (Richmond). 

The Woman's College (Richmond). 

Southern Female College (Petersburg)— Incorporated, 1863. 

Polytechnic Institute (New Market, Shenandoah county)— Co-educational. 

Martha Washington College and Conservatory of Music (Abingdon)— Opened 31 years ago. 

Emory and Henry College (Emory, Va.) 

Roanoke College (Salem). 

Hollins Institute (Hollins, Va.) 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



31 



THE GOVERNORS OF VIRGINIA SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 



NAMES. 



BIRTHPLACE. 



PLACE OF DEATH. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
2o 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 



Patrick Henry .... 
Thomas Jefferson . . . 
Thomas Nelson .... 
Benjamin Harrison . 
Patrick Henry ... 
Edmund Randolph. . 
Beverly Randolph . . 

Henry Lee 

Robert Brooke .... 

James Wood 

James Monroe .... 

John Page 

William H.Cabell . . 

John Tyler 

James Monroe . . 
George W. Smith . . . 
James Barbour .... 
Wilson C. Nickolas . . 
James P. Preston . . . 
Thomas M. Randolph 
James Pleasants . 

John Tyler 

William B. Giles . . . 

John Floyd 

L. W. Tazewell .... 
Wyndhatn Robertson 
David Campbell . . . 
Thomas W. Gilmer . . 
John M. Patton .... 
John Rutherford . . . 
John M. Gregory . . . 
James McDowell . . . 
William Smith .... 
John B. Floyd .... 
Joseph Johnson ... 
Henry A. Wise .... 

John Letcher 

William Smith .... 
Francis H. Pierpont . 
Henry H. Wells . . . . 
Gilbert C. Walker . . 
James L. Kemper . . . 
F. W. M. Holfiday . . 
William E. Cameron . 

Fitzhugh Lee 

Philip W. McKinney . 
Charles T. O'Ferrall 



1776 
1779 
1781 
1781 
1784 
1786 
1788 
1791 
1794 
1796 
1799 
1802 
1805 
1808 
1811 
1811 
1812 
1814 
1816 
1819 
1822 
1825 
1827 
1830 
1834 
1836 
1837 
1840 
1841 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1846 
1849 
1852 
1856 
1860 
1864 
1866 
1867 
1869 
1873 
1877 
1881 
1885 
1889 
1894 



Hanover county 

Albemarle county. ... 

Yorktown 

Charles City county . . 

Hanover county 

Williamsburg 

Henrico county 

Westmoreland county . 
Spottsylvania county . . 
Frederick county .... 
Westmoreland county . 
Gloucester county . . . 
Cumberland county 

Williamsburg 

Westmoreland county . 

Essex county 

Orange county 

Hanover county .... 
Montgomery county . . 

Tuckahoe 

Goochland county . . . 
Charles. City county . . 

Amelia county 

Jefferson county, W. Va. 

Williamsburg 

Manchester 

Washington county . . . 
Albemarle county ... 

Fredericksburg 

Richmond city 

Charles City county . . . 
Rockbridge county . . . 
King George county . . , 

Blacksburg 

Orange county, N. Y. . . 

Accomac county 

Lexington 

King George county . . . 
Monongalia. 
Rochester, N. Y\ 

Binghamton, N. Y 

Madison county. 
Winchester. 
Petersburg. 
Fairfax county. 
Buckingham county. 
Frederick county, Va. 



Charlotte county. 
Albemarle county. 
Hanover county. 
Charles City county. 
Charlotte county. 
Clarke county. 
Cumberland county. 
Cumberland I. Ga. 
Richmond. 
Richmond. 
New Y'ork city. 
Richmond. 
Richmond. 
Charles City county. 
New York city. 
Richmond. 
Orange county. 
Milton. 

Isle of Wight county. 
Charlottesville. 
Goochland county. 
Richmond. 
Albemarle county- 
Sweet Springs. 
Norfolk. 

Washington county. 
Abingdon. 
Richmond. 
Richmond. 
Richmond. 
Richmond. 
Rockbridge county. 
Warrenton. 
Abingdon. 
Bridgeport, W. Va. 
Richmond. 
Lexington. 
Warrenton. 



Binghamton, N. Y'. 



32 



GEOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA. 



COUNTY-SEATS. 



COUNTIES. 



COUNTY-SEATS. 



COUNTIES. 



COUNTY-SEATS. 



Accomac 

Albemarle . . . . 
Alexandria . . . . 
Alleghany . . . . 

Amelia 

Amherst 

Appomattox . . . 

Augusta 

Bath 

Bedford 

Bland . 

Botetourt 

Brunswick . . . . 
Buchanan . . . . 
Buckingham . . . 

Campbell 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Charles City . . . 

Charlotte 

Chesterfield . . . 

Clarke 

Craig 

Culpeper 

Cumberland . . . 
Dickenson . . . . 
Dinwiddie . . . . 
Elizabeth City . . 

Essex 

Fairfax 

Fauquier 

Floyd 

Fluvanna 

Franklin 

Frederick 

Giles 

Gloucester . . . . 
Goochland . . . . 

Grayson 

Greene 

Greensville. . . . 

Halifax 

Hanover 

Henrico 

Henry 

Highland 

Isle of Wight . . 
James City . . . . 
King and Queen . 
King George . . . 



Accomac 

Charlottesville .... 

Alexandria 

Covington 

Amelia C. H 

Amherst 

Appomattox 

Staunton 

Warm Springs 

Bedford City 

Bland C. H 

Fincastle 

Lawrenceville 

Grundy 

Buckingham 

Rustburg 

Bowling Green .... 

Hillsville 

Charles City 

Smithville 

Chesterfield C. H. . . . 

Berryville 

New Castle 

Culpeper 

Cumberland 

Clintwood 

Duiwiddie C. H. . . . 

Harnpton 

Tappahannock 

Fairfax 

Warrenton 

Floyd 

Palmyra 

Rocky Mount 

Winchester 

Pearisburg 

Gloucester 

Goochland 

Independence 

Standardsville 

Emporia 

Houston 

Hanover C. H 

Richmond 

Martinsville 

Monterey 

Isle of Wight 

Williamsburg . . 
King and Queen C. H. 
King George 



King William . . . 

Lancaster 

Lee 

Loudoun 

Louisa 

Lunenburg . . . . 

Madison 

Mathews 

Mecklenburg . . . 

Middlesex 

Montgomery. . . . 
Nansemond . . . , 

Nelson 

New Kent 

Norfolk 

Northampton . . . 
Northumberland . 

Nottoway 

Orange 

Page 

Patrick 

Pittsylvania. . . . 
Powhatan . . . . 
Prince Edward . . 
Prince George . . 
Princess Anne . , 
Prince William . . 

Pulaski , 

Rappahannock . . 
Richmond . . . , 

Roanoke , 

Rockbridge . . . . 
Rockingham . . . 

Russell 

Scott , . 

Shenandoah. . . . 

Smyth 

Southampton . . . 
Spottsylvania. . , 

Stafford 

Surry 

Sussex 

Tazewell 

Warren 

Warwick 

Washington . . . , 
Westmoreland . . 

Wise 

Wythe 

York 



King William. 

Lancaster. 

Jonesville. 

Lees burgh. 

Louisa C. H. 

Lunenburg. 

Madison. 

Mathews. 

Boyd ton. 

Saluda. 

Christiansburg. 

Suffolk. 

Lovingston. 

New Kent. 

Portsmouth. 

Eastville. 

Heathsville. 

Nottoway. 

Orange C. H. 

Luray. 

Stuart. 

Chatham, 

Powhatan C. H. 

Farmville. 

Prince George. 

Princess Anne C. H. 

Brentsville. 

Newbern. 

Washington. 

Warsaw. 

Salem. 

Lexington. 

Harrisonburg. 

Lebanon. 

Gate City. 

Woodstock. 

Marion. 

Courtland. 

Spottsylvania. 

Stafford C. H. 

Surry. 

Sussex C. H. 

Tazewell. 

Front Royal. 

Newport News. 

Abingdon. 

Montrosa. 

Wise. 

Wytheville. 

Yorktown. 



■» TESTIMONIALS. & 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

Superintendent's Office, August 3, 1894. 
Miss Julia R. Hekning : 

The public schools of Virginia have my endorsement of 
your "Geography of Virginia," and'my approval of its use. ; 

JOHN E. MASSEY. 



I am very favorably impressed with ; your "Geography of 
Virginia." I think it will materially aid teachers in teaching, 
and scholars in studying Geography. 

Very respectfully, 

JOHN E, MASSEY. 

August ii, 1894. 
We are well pleased with your " Geography of Virginia," 
which was used in our schools the past session. I am sure that 
it enabled our teachers to present the subject more satisfac- 
torily than heretofore, and our pupils .to get a more thorough 
and useful appreciation of it. 
Yours very truly, 

WILLIAM F. FOX, 

Super in tend en t, 

August ii, 1894. 
Miss Henning's " Geography of Virginia" has given satisfac- 
tion in the school under my supervision. The success which 
the teachers have experienced in the use of this book attests its 
superiority. The simple language, attractive style and pleasing 
and interesting manner of presenting the facts are among 
its chief recommendations. 

RICHARD W. FLOURNOY, 

Principal East End School. 



Miss Henning's " Geography of Virginia"- is a great assist- 
ance to both teachers and pupils, being interesting as well as 
simplified and concise. I take pleasure in commending it as 
admirably fulfilling the requirements of the grade. 

LUCIE LEE BEACH, 
First Grammar Grade, Madison School. 



August 13, 1894. 
Your "Geography of Virginia" is a concise, yet a thor- 
ough treatise of the subject. The clear, simple and interest- 
ing style in which the book is written makes it readily adapted 
to young minds. As this Geography has been in successful 
use in our city schools forthe last year, I hope it will sonn be 
added to the list of books authorized to be used in all the pub- 
lic schools of the State, and thus receive the high recommenda- 
tion it deserves. 

Respectfully, MINNIE WEST, 

Teacher of the First Grammar Grade, 

Leigh School, Richmond, Va. 

August 16, 1894. 
Your "Geography of Virginia" I have examined and studied 
with care ; with its simple and concise treatment of the topog- 
raphy, resources and history of our State, I am highly im- 
pressed. The contents fully demonstrate its usefulness, meet- 
ing a want long felt, and I strongly recommend its introduc- 
tion into our schools of Virginia. 

Respectfully, R. EDGAR SHINE, 

(Member of City Board of Education.) 



August 16, 1894. 
I regard your "Geography of Virginia" as an excellent 
text-book, and one well adapted to give secondary pupils a 
thorough and systematic knowledge of their own State. As 
such I unhesitatingly recommend its adoption into such schools 
as do not already use it. 

Very truly yours, 

JACOB L. EZEKIEL, 

Principal Brook School. 

I have examined Miss Henning's "Geography of Virginia,'' 
and used it in my school the past session. It affords me plea- 
sure to testify to its worth as a text-book. I consider it better 
adapted to the wants of our schools than any we have yet had. 

H. G. CARLTON, 
Principal West End School, Richmond, Va. 
August, 1894. 

August 7, 1894. 
I take pleasure in saying that Miss Henning's " Geography 
of Virginia" has been used in this school and has given entire 
satisfaction. 

T. P. CRUMP, 
Principal Baker School. 

Miss Henning's " Geography of Virginia " is remarkably well 
adapted to school use. It is thorough and yet simple enough 
to be within grasp of the child-mind. 

ROSA MARKS. 

Your "Geography of Virginia" was taught in my school last 
session, and my teachers who taught it were very much pleased 
with it. They thought it a great improvement on the old ge- 
ographies, as the questions were much more concise and pointed 
and easily taken hold of by the pupils. I think it a most esti- 
mable book for beginners in the geography of Virginia. 
Yourr truly, 

E. M. GARNETT, 
Principal of Moore School. 

I take pleasure in adding my testimony to the value of 
the "Geography of Virginia," by Miss Julia R. Henning. It 
is the work of a lady who has had long experience in teaching 
the subject and knows how it should be presented. The lan- 
guage is such as children will readily comprehend, the facts 
are well selected and grouped, while the questions at the end of 
each section add materially to the ease and pleasure with which 
the text is acquired by the pupils. 

I know that the instructions for drawing the map which 
will accompany the new edition are complete, for I tested them 
in manuscript with a person who was ignorant of the subject, 
and with entirely satisfactory results. 

The pamphlet has been used in the Richmond public schools 
for a session, and has stood the test of the school-room admi- 
rably. 

WILLIAM G. JONES, 
Principal of Madison School. 

I have carefully examined Henning's "Geography of Vir- 
ginia,"and recommend its use in the public schools of the State . 

E. MORRISSETTE, 
Principal Leigh School, Richmond, Va. 



